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Khazaria.com - History of Jewish Khazars, Khazar Turk, Khazarian Jews
A Resource for Turkic and Jewish History in Russia and Ukraine
Last Updated: December 20, 2013
Read about The Jews of Khazaria - the general-interest book about the Khazars in English.
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News: Ashkenazi Levites paternally descend from an Iranian people not from Khazars or Slavs, per genetic evidence revealed in a new study by Siiri Rootsi et al. discussed here, here, here, and here. Since no other paternal or maternal haplogroup among Ashkenazim comes from a Central Asian Turkic source either, we are now left with the total absence of evidence for Khazar ancestry in Ashkenazi Jews. I had researched the possibility of Khazar ancestry for 20 years. Surprisingly, there is evidence for small amounts of Southern Chinese, West African, and Slavic ancestry in Ashkenazi Jews, but not for Turkic Khazar ancestry.
Viacheslav Shpakovsky and David Nicolle have a new book titled Armies of the Volga Bulgars and Khanate of Kazan: 9th-16th Centuries that includes discussion of the Volga Bulgars' subordination to the Khazars until 965 but how the Bulgars' independent streak was demonstrated four decades earlier by their conversion to Islam, among other topics, but concentrated of course on the military equipment they used. Published in October 2013 by Osprey Publishing. (Advertisement)
Vladimir Klyutchnikov together with "Oleg Ivik" (the collective pseudonym of Olga Kolobova and Valeriy Ivanov) wrote the new book titled Khazary that was published by Lomonosov in Moscow in 2013 in the Russian language. It includes both archaeological and historical data related to the Khazars. The authors' own archaeological expeditions form part of the discussion.
Joshua T. Olsson had his article "Coup d'état, Coronation and Conversion: Some Reflections on the Adoption of Judaism by the Khazar Khaganate" published electronically by the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society on July 29, 2013. It appeared in print in the October 2013 issue.
Medieval Kingdom of Khazaria, 652-1016
Over a thousand years ago, the far east of Europe was ruled by Jewish kings who presided over numerous tribes, including their own tribe: the Turkic Khazars. After their conversion, the Khazar people used Jewish personal names, spoke and wrote in Hebrew, were circumcised, had synagogues and rabbis, studied the Torah and Talmud, and observed Hanukkah, Pesach, and the Sabbath. The Khazars were an advanced civilization with one of the most tolerant societies of the medieval period. It hosted merchants from all over Asia and Europe. On these pages it is hoped that you may learn more about this fascinating culture.
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF KHAZARIA
Essays summarizing the history of the Khazars, their principal cities, their culture, and their conversion to Judaism in the 9th century. An Introduction to the History of Khazaria Current Issues in Khazar Studies
Los Khazares: un experimento europeo de construcción de un estado Judío - in Spanish Histoire des Khazars: la nation juive de Russie et d'Ukraine - in French Znakomstvo s Istoriey Xazarii - in Russian Hazar Türkleri tarihine giriş - in Turkish
ILLUSTRATIONS AND PHOTOGRAPHS OF KHAZAR ARTIFACTS
The first gallery includes images of Turkic runes, Turkic tribe symbols, a Khazar metal disc with an engraving of the Star of David, Khazar-Saltovo amulets, depictions of an epic motif, Khazarian battle and hunting scenes, Khazar silver belts, and a map of Khazaria. The second link presents the display on 8th-9th century Khazar objects (including arms and armor) from the northwestern Caucasus from the March-September 2003 exhibit "Horse and Rider" at the State Historical Museum in Moscow. Khazaria Image Gallery Horse and Rider: Khazaria Exhibit
THE KHAZAR CAPITAL CITY OF ATIL
Atil was the third capital city of Khazaria until it was conquered in 969. Archaeologists have located the remains of Atil. The Khazar Capital City of Atil
THE KHAZAR FORTRESS OF SARKEL
Sarkel's fortress was one of Khazaria's most important, serving both as a defensive structure and a trading caravan stopover. Includes images of the layout of the fortress, a bronze warrior figurine, pottery, jewelry, bricks, and other objects. The Khazar Fortress of Sarkel
AN EXPLORATION OF KHAZARIAN SHAMANISM
The original religion of the Khazars was Tengri Shamanism. An Exploration of Khazarian Shamanism
MEDIEVAL QUOTES ABOUT KHAZAR JUDAISM
Judaism was practiced widely among Khazars, as these authentic quotes from medieval chroniclers demonstrate. Medieval Quotes About Khazar Judaism
DESCENDANTS OF THE KHAZARS IN EUROPE
What happened to the Khazars after the fall of their kingdom? This remains one of the most controversial questions in Khazar studies. Some new answers are beginning to emerge from new discoveries. The first essay summarizes the latest findings and uses these findings to re-evaluate the question. The second essay explains how we know that Eastern European Jews also descend from non-Khazar Jews. The third page gathers available evidence on genetics and shows that Ashkenazic Jews have substantial roots in the Middle East. The fourth page queries whether Jews who live in the Caucasus today descend from Khazar converts. Are Russian Jews Descended from the Khazars? Are Russian Jews Descended from the German and Bohemian Jews? Jewish Genetics: Abstracts and Summaries Are Mountain Jews Descended from the Khazars?
KHAZARIAN NAMES
A list of personal names that the Khazars used in their own country, including Turkic, Hebrew, and Slavic names. Khazarian Names
EXCAVATION REPORTS FROM CHASTIYE KURGANY AND GOLDEN HILLS
Excavation reports with photographs of Khazarian graves and objects. Khazar Burial Mounds at Chastiye Kurgany Khazar-Era Fortress of Golden Hills (Zolotiye Gorki)
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KHAZAR STUDIES
The largest database of references of books and articles about Khazarian history, including works in English, French, German, Hebrew, Hungarian, Russian, Swedish, and other languages. Bibliography of Khazar Studies (1901-Present)
KHAZAR FICTION
A guide to conventionally-published novels, short stories, and poems about Khazaria. Fictional Literature about the Khazars
THE KUZARI AND ITS AUTHOR
Yehudah ha-Levi was one of the greatest Spanish Jewish poets. He was born circa 1080 in Toledo, Spain, while it was under Islamic rule. He was a prolific writer of both Arabic and Hebrew poetry. From 1120 to 1140, ha-Levi wrote the famous 5-chapter book known as The Kuzari, which bases its storyline upon the Khazars' conversion to Judaism. The Kuzari's References to the Khazar Conversion to Judaism
The Poetry and Prose of Yehudah ha-Levi
RUSSIAN-LANGUAGE HISTORIES OF KHAZARIA
This is a wonderfully illustrated guide to the history of the Khazars, compiled by staff at Rostov State University. The only unfortunate thing in the site is that Khazar Judaism is wrongly accused of causing strife and a civil war. Khazarskiy Kaganat
THE KHAZAR CORRESPONDENCE
The Jews of Spain were introduced to facts about the Khazar kingdom largely through the efforts of Hasdai ibn Shaprut, vizier and physician to the Spanish caliphs, who wrote a letter to King Joseph of the Khazars. Excerpts from the Letters of Hasdai ibn Shaprut and King Joseph
HISTORY OF THE PROTO-BULGARIANS
This book, translated from Bulgarian into English, chronicles the history and archaeology of the Khazars, Bulgars, North Caucasian Huns, and Alans. There are sections discussing the Khazar cities Sarkel and Balanjar. Includes maps, photographs, footnotes, quotes from historical sources. History of the Proto-Bulgarians North and West of the Black Sea
OTHER ESSAYS ABOUT THE KHAZARS
Selected essays about Khazar history in English and Russian. Khazars, by Roman K. Kovalev (from Encyclopedia of Russian History) Khazaria, by Peter B. Golden (from The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe) Khazaria (586-1083 AD), by Dennis Leventhal
The Khazars, by Peter Wolfe and Jeff Zolitor
The Khazar Kingdom: A Jewish Empire in the Middle Ages, by Rivka Shpak-Lissak
Khazar Khaganate, by Tristan Dugdale-Pointon (from Military History Encyclopedia on the Web)
Khazari: Il popolo dimenticato che difese l'Europa, by Lawrence M.F. Sudbury
Xazarskiy kostyum VII-X vv., by Aleksey (Kutluk) Tselikovskiy - about Khazarian and North Caucasian costumes "Russkie xazary", with Svetlana Pletnyova and Vladimir Petrukhin
Khazary, by Svetlana A. Pletnyova
"Xazary. Xazarskii kaganat. Prinyatie iudaizma. Rastsvet i gibel' Xazarii." (Chapter 2) and "Xazary i slavyane. Evrey i Kievskaya Rus'. Nashestvie mongolov." (Chapter 3) in Ocherki vremen i sobytii, by Feliks S. Kandel' Iudeo-xazarskoye tsarstvo v drevnyaya Rus', by Grigorii Vinogradov
K Istorii Yevreyskikh Obshchin Severnogo Kavkaza, by E. A. Rabaev
Novye materialy k probleme izucheniya slavyano-xazarskix otnosheniy (po pamyatnikam Severskogo Dontsa), by V. V. Koloda - about apparent coexistence and synchretism between certain groups of Khazars and Slavs Issledovaniya v Verxnem Saltove v 1996 godu, by V. V. Koloda - discusses Khazarian/Saltovo burials, one of which contained a well-conserved felt boot Krupneyshey punkt (gorod) Khazarii, by A. V. Kryganov - discusses the more than 30 Khazarian cities, some of which (particularly Atil) have not yet been located
Vooruzhenie i voennoe delo Khazarskogo kaganata, by A. V. Komar and Oleg Sukhobokov Rannie khazary v Severnom Prichernomorye (Postanovka problemy), by A. V. Komar Xazary, Xazarskiy kaganat - includes Mikhael Gorelik's illustration of Khazar kagan's palace in Atil Rusi i Bizantiya, by Igor Godovich Semyonov 600 Lyet Vmeste i 50 Lyet Lzhi, by Semyon Charny, in Lekhaim, March 2003 V Storonu Khazarii, by Denis Sobolev, in Zhurnal "22" No. 103, pp. 114 ff. - brief history of Khazars Vozvrashchenie v Khazariyu, by Denis Sobolev, in Zhurnal "22" No. 108, pp. 162 ff. - about controversy of descendants of Khazars and origins of Russian Jews
Tsarskie imenovaniya v drevnerusskom tezauruse problemi interpretatsii, by Dmitrii Kudryavtsev
The founding family of Kyivan-Rus': Sviatoslav the Conqueror, Part I, by Ingert Kuzych
| Current Publications for Sale THE JEWS OF KHAZARIA by Kevin Alan Brook This book discusses all major issues surrounding the Khazar Empire, including diplomacy, trade, culture, military affairs, Khazarian Judaism, and migrations. The book draws from major primary and secondary sources, and includes a concise timeline and glossary towards the end. This was the first English-language book on the Khazars to contain a substantial amount of archaeological data. THE WORLD OF THE KHAZARS edited by Peter B. Golden, Haggai Ben-Shammai, and András Róna-Tas An expensive but valuable collection of wide-ranging views from academic specialists on the Khazars. The 18 articles discuss the Khazars' economy, language, international relations, and more. KHAZARY by "Oleg Ivik" and Vladimir Klyutchnikov A comprehensive discussion of the Khazars' history, government, religion, and more as revealed by artifacts and old documents. 'GORODA' I 'ZAMKI' KHAZARSKOGO KAGANATA by Valerii S. Flyorov An analysis of Khazarian settlements, buildings, fortresses, and craft production facilities. THE KUZARI: IN DEFENSE OF THE DESPISED FAITH translated and annotated by Rabbi N. Daniel Korobkin In this classic philosophical work by Yehuda HaLevi, a Jewish sage explains the principles of Judaism to an inquisitive Khazar king. As a special bonus, the historical communications exchanged between Khazar King Joseph and the Spanish Jewish diplomat Hasdai ibn Shaprut are included in this volume. Books about Eastern European Jews || Books about Khazars Books about Syrian Jews Turkic Books || Turkic Videos Russian Legacy's Store || Timeline of the Russian Empire || Essays on Russian history Family Tree DNA: Genetic Testing Service |
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